(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) It is important to realise that Bassett may have taken Brown's ideas forward, and altered their original meaning. If you need to cite a secondary reference it is recommended that, where possible, you read the original source for yourself rather than rely on someone else's interpretation of a work. For this reason it is best to avoid using secondary referencing. The reference list at the end of your document should only contain works that you have read. In the above example you would only list the work by Bassett. The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by another reader.
Different types of publication require different amounts of information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title, which should be included. The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently. All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first. Organisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is. Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have noted.Place of publication can generally be found on the back of the title page in the address of the publishing company.
Where there are several locations, choose the UK one in preference to other. Please note where there is likely to be confusion with UK place names; for USA towns include the State in abbreviated form e.g. Birmingham, Alabama would be.
Birmingham, AL. For books with multiple authors, all the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Use an and to link the last two multiple authors. Some documents have very large numbers of authors, particularly in certain disciplines. There may be a very large numbers of authors and a wish not to include them all in a reference list.
In these cases it is recommended that advice from the Faculty is sought, to establish if it is permitted to cite only a reduced number. The required elements for a reference are: Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher. Kant, I., 1785.
Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of morals. Translated by T.K.
Abbott., 1988. New York: Prometheus Books. For works in an another language, reference these in the same manner as an English language work but provide a translation. Students should check with their Faculty the validity of including original language works. For works which are reprints of classic original works, the reference should include details of the original date of the work and reprinting details, the suggested elements for such references being: Author, Initials., Original Year. Title of book. (Imprint/reprint and then year).
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Place of publication: Publisher. Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. e-book Chester: Castle Press. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website Accessed 12 May 2010. And Charters, S., eds. Global wine tourism.
e-book Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website Accessed 9 June 2008. For an open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google books The required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. e-book Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address or URL for the e-book Accessed date. You can choose to use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of the format/location/access date.
The DOI is a permanent identifier and replaces a permanent web address for online articles. They are often found at the start/end of an article or on the database landing page for the article. Not all articles are assigned a DOI. If an article does not have a DOI, use one of the other e-journal article formats. Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal,e-journal Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available.
Chittenden, M., Rogers, L. And Smith, D., 2003. Focus: 'Targetitis ails NHS.
Times Online, online 1 June. Available at: Accessed 17 March 2005. Coney, J., 2009. Is this the start of a new home loan war HSBC vows to lend £1billion to homebuyers with 10% deposits. Daily Mail, online (Last updated 9.47 AM on 09th April 2009). Available at: Accessed on 20 April 2009. An in-text reference for the above examples would read.
Royal Commission on civil liability and compensation for personal injury, 1978. (Pearson Report) (Cmnd. London: HMSO. Select Committee on nationalised industries (1978-9), 1978. Consumers and the nationalised industries: prelegislative hearings (HC 334, 1978-9). London: HMSO. House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee, 2012.
The Work of the Border Force. (HC 523, Sixth Report of Session 2012-13) - Report, Together with Formal Minutes. London: TSO (The Stationery Office). Hansard, 2004. Vol 675, col.127. (1 November).
Department of Health, 2001. National service framework for older people. pdf London: Department of Health. Available at: Accessed 12 September 2011.
And Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a reality: no decision about me, without me. pdf London: The King's Fund. Available at: Accessed 12 September 2011. Council Directive 2001/29 /EC of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society.
Commission Decision 93/42/EEC of 21 December 1992 concerning additional guarantees relating to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis for bovines destined for Denmark. Council Regulation(EC) 1984/2003 of 8 April 2003 introducing a system for the statistical monitoring of trade in blue tuna, swordfish and big eye tuna within the Community 2003 OJ L295/1. Council Regulation (EEC) 1612/685 of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community. It is important to check with the lecturer who has given the lecture that they are in agreement with course material being included in any Reference List. If they are in agreement, and if it is not a publicly available document, it is important to provide a copy in the Appendix of your work. The citation to the course material in your Reference List should then also refer to the Appendix. It would also be advisable to follow up any sources mentioned in your lecture and read these for yourself.
Course material / lecture notes - print version The required elements for a reference are: Lecturer/Author, Initials., Year. Title of item, Module Code Module title. HE Institution, unpublished.
When reviewing a number of different plays it is essential to cite the title of the plays. If reviewing one play (for example Twelfth Night) it is not necessary to repeat the title in your citations. Published plays may contain line numbers, particularly in classic texts such as Shakespeare.
If they exist it is good practice to include the line number, but Act and Scene numbers must always be included. Classic plays are available in edited editions and the editor's name should be included with your reference. The required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year (of the edition). Title of play. Editors, Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication: (this must be a town or city, not a country) Publisher.
Where you have conducted an interview - using a primary source. You are recommended to check with your Faculty Office for detailed guidance on what you may include. Where you are conducting the interview, it is important to check with the person being interviewed that they will be in agreement with a transcript of the interview being made available. Since this will not be a publicly available document, it may be included as a transcript within an Appendix in your piece of work. The citation for this interview should refer to the Appendix. In an interview (Appendix A) the findings of the report were reviewed and White agreed with. In the Appendix you should include details such as: Interviewee's name.
Year of interview. Title of interview. Interviewed by.name. type of medium/format Location and exact date of interview. Together with the transcript.
Where you are using an interview from a source such as a television programme The suggested elements for a reference are: Interviewee name, Initials., Year of Interview. Title of Interview. (or Interview on.name of programme) Interviewed by.name (first name and surname).
type of medium/format Name of Channel, Date of transmission, time of transmission. RICS ISurv, 2013. More new homes. Building surveying Pathology Modern methods of construction Meeting challenges with MMC ISurv. online Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library Accessed 21 May 2013.
Where you have gathered and manipulated data from a data source like FAME or OECD and placed this in a table of your own making, we recommend that you give the source and year of currency for the data, as the in-text reference and include a note to an appendix. In the appendix you can reproduce the source tables you have used to create your table and include adequate details of how you generated the table you have used in your work. Foundation for Economic Education(FEE), 2014. England's Whetstone named FEE's first 'Blinking Lights' award recipient.
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online Available at: Accessed 16 July 2014.URL means Uniform Resource Locator - an address identifying the location of a file on the Internet If a URL is exceedingly long, or the result of a personal search on a website, you can give the website's home page address with the routing or web path, showing your reader how to get from the home page to the specific page you have referenced. It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use. Boots Group Plc., 2003. Corporate social responsibility. online Boots Group Plc.
Available at: Accessed 23 July 2005. Defoe, D., 1999. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders. online Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg.
Available at: Accessed 18 November 2005. Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with Learning Disabilities, n.d. Healthcare for all. online Available at: Accessed 10 April 2009. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, 2001. Hypertension in the elderly.
(SIGN publication 20) online Edinburgh: SIGN (Published 2001) Available at: Accessed 17 March 2005. It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use. Particular care needs to be taken if you are quoting from these as they may include personal email addresses and be from a restricted source. Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted.
For email correspondence or discussion lists the suggested elements for a reference are: Name of sender, email address, Year. Message or subject title from posting line. type of medium Recipient's name and (email address). Date sent: Including time.
Available at: URL (e.g. Details of where message is archived) Accessed date. Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe. photograph (Marilyn Monroe's own private collection). Beaton, C., 1944.
China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. photograph (London, Imperial War Museum Collection). For an electronic reference the suggested elements are: Artist/Photographer's name, Year of production. Title of image.
type of medium Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the homepage of the source. Accessed date.
For images found on the internet the required elements for a reference are: Author, Year (image created). Title of work. type of medium Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Accessed date. Where the author is not known, begin the reference with the title of the work.
Where none of the usual details are known, (such as author, date, or image title) try to find the filename of the image (for example by right clicking and looking at the properties of the file). If none of the above is available begin the reference with the subject and title of the work. Child placing gauze over knee wound n.d. image online Available at: Accessed 01 June 2010. Nimbus 1 returned sharp cloud cover photos, plus night time infra red pictures n.d. image online Available at: Accessed 13 November 2008. Pepsi can designs.
image online Available at: Accessed 19 June 2009. Van Vechten, C., 1934. photograph Available at: Accessed 04 October 2009. An in-text reference for the above examples would read. Where there is no obvious publication date, check the content and references to work out the earliest likely date, for example: 1995? Probable year ca. 1995 approximately 1995 199- decade certain but not year 199?
Probable decade Occasionally it may not be possible to identify an author, place or publisher. This applies particularly to what is known as 'grey literature', such as some government documents, leaflets and other less official material.
Anon author anonymous or not identifiable s.l. No place of publication (Latin: sine loco) s.n.
No named publisher (Latin: sine nomine) n.d. No date Information such as place and publisher not found on the document, but traced from other sources, should be placed in square brackets. You should, however be very cautious about using as supporting evidence material where you cannot identify the author, date or source.
If you understand the reasons for referencing it is evident why you should not pass off work of others as your own. Failing to reference appropriately could result in your assessors thinking you are guilty of plagiarism - the act of using somebody else's work or ideas as your own. You will find information relating to academic honesty in various student documentation including module guides and student handbooks. The university has recently introduced to assist you in identifying where you have used original material so that you can ensure it is correctly referenced in your submission.
This is supported by the University policy relating to academic honesty. Student handbooks for both undergraduate and post graduate students refer to the for guidance. Students should however check the relevant guidelines for their subject within the Faculty. For more information see the University Library serction on NB: To assist students when they run their work through Turnitin, Double quotation marks are recommended. Why reference? You need to provide references in your work so you can: Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development. By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea. A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.
What is referencing-Evidence? In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work. Evidence must be from authoritive sources! The Harvard System There are many systems for the citation of references. Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system. A two part reference system In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book In-text citation.
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. London: Open University in assoc. Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references. Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment.
Check the module guide before you complete your assignment. Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. General background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic. An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project. Is referencing included in the Word Count? Check the section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission.
These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office. How do I print this guide? You can open and print individual sections (.pdf) (.pdf) Additional help We have also produced a (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. Student services have a guide with examples of (.pdf). If you are using this guide in conjunction with select the output style 'Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v5'.
You can test your knowledge of referencing by taking our.